An interactive exploration of emergent collective behaviour: how simple local rules between individual agents produce flocks, clusters, chases, and synchronised patterns at the level of the whole swarm. These are standard toy models from the complex-systems literature, not exact simulations of any particular animal or physical system.
Craig Reynolds’ 1987 model of flocks, herds, and schools: separation, alignment, and cohesion between neighbours produce lifelike collective motion.
Simon Woods’ map in which each particle chases one “friend” and flees one “enemy”, generating endlessly shifting pursuit patterns.
Asymmetric attraction and repulsion between particle types, following Tom Mohr’s canonical force profile, self-organise into cell-like structures.
O’Keeffe, Hong, and Strogatz’s 2017 model (with the 2023 Ceron, O’Keeffe, and Petersen extensions) of oscillators that both move through space and synchronise their internal phases.